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Amber Acid (CAS 110-15-6)
Amber Acid (CAS 110-15-6)
Succinic acid (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state.
Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling. As such, succinate links cellular metabolism, especially ATP formation, to the regulation of cellular function.
Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh syndrome, and Melas syndrome, and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury.
Succinic acid is marketed as food additive E363. The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber.
Ammonia solution (CAS 1336-21-6)
Ammonia solution (CAS 1336-21-6)
Ammonia solution, also known as ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide, ammoniacal liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or (inaccurately) ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH3(aq). Although the name ammonium hydroxide suggests an alkali with composition [NH4+][OH−], it is actually impossible to isolate samples of NH4OH. The ions NH4+ and OH− do not account for a significant fraction of the total amount of ammonia except in extremely dilute solutions.
Diluted (1–3%) ammonia is also an ingredient of numerous cleaning agents, including many window cleaning formulas. Because aqueous ammonia is a gas dissolved in water, as the water evaporates from a window, the gas evaporates also, leaving the window streak-free.
In addition to use as an ingredient in cleansers with other cleansing ingredients, ammonia in water is also sold as a cleaning agent by itself, usually labeled as simply “ammonia”. It may be sold plain, lemon-scented (and typically colored yellow), or pine-scented (green). Commonly available ammonia with soap added is known as “cloudy ammonia”.
Ammonia water 25% (CAS 7664-41-7)
Ammonia water Application: multi-purpose industrial chemical (incl. Hydrometallurgy, thermal energy, etc.)
Ammonia water storage: Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated room or outdoors in closed stainless or carbon steel, polyethylene or polypropylene containers, away from homes and workplaces, away from unauthorized persons. Storage rooms must meet the requirements for storage rooms for flammable liquids. Containers must be provided with a vent. Bottles must not be filled to the brim, the concentrated solution may cause pressure. Store away from incompatible materials (acids, organic substances, some metals and their salts)
CAS: 7664-41-7
Ammonium acetate (CAS 631-61-8)
Ammonium acetate (CAS 631-61-8)
Ammonium acetate, also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2. It is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid. It is available commercially.
Ammonium acetate is also used as a food additive as an acidity regulator; INS number 264. It is approved for usage in Australia and New Zealand.
Ammonium chloride (CAS 12125-02-9)
Ammonium chloride (CAS 12125-02-9)
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4Cl and a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water. Solutions of ammonium chloride are mildly acidic. Sal ammoniac is a name of the natural, mineralogical form of ammonium chloride. The mineral is commonly formed on burning coal dumps from condensation of coal-derived gases. It is also found around some types of volcanic vents. It is mainly used as fertilizer and a flavouring agent in some types of liquorice. It is the product from the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia.
Ammonium hydrocarbonate (CAS 1066-33-7)
Ammonium hydrocarbonate (CAS 1066-33-7)
Ammonium bicarbonate is an inorganic compound with formula (NH4)HCO3. The compound has many names, reflecting its long history. Chemically speaking, it is the bicarbonate salt of the ammonium ion. It is a colourless solid that degrades readily to carbon dioxide, water and ammonia.
Ammonium molybdate (CAS 12054-85-2)
Ammonium molybdate (CAS 12054-85-2)
Ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (also referred to as Ammonium heptamolybdate, chemical formula: (NH4)6Mo7O24)), appearing as a colorless solid. It can be manufactured through dissolving the molybdenum trioxide in excess amount of aqueous ammonia and evaporating the solution at the room temperature. It has many applications, e.g. as an analytic reagent for measuring content of phosphates, silicates, arsenates and lead; for the production of molybdenum metal and ceramics; for the production of dehydrogenation and desulphurization catalysts; for the fixing of metals; for electroplating; supplement in the crop fertilizer; as a negative stain in biological electron microscopy; as an analgesic in medical fields.
Ammonium molybdate (CAS 13106-76-8)
Ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (AMT) is a molybdenum salt. Study of its extraction from nickel-molybdenum (Ni–Mo) ore by direct hydrometallurgical method has been reported. Its degradation by combustion to form elemental molybdenum powder using metallic reducers has been investigated.
Ammonium nitrate (CAS 6484-52-2)
Ammonium nitrate (CAS 6484-52-2)
Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NH4NO3. It is a white crystalline solid consisting of ions of ammonium and nitrate. It is highly soluble in water and hygroscopic as a solid, although it does not form hydrates. It is predominantly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer.
Applications
Ammonium nitrate is an important fertilizer with NPK rating 34-0-0 (34% nitrogen). It is less concentrated than urea (46-0-0), giving ammonium nitrate a slight transportation disadvantage. Ammonium nitrate’s advantage over urea is that it is more stable and does not rapidly lose nitrogen to the atmosphere.
Ammonium persulfate (CAS 7727-54-0)
Ammonium persulfate (CAS 7727-54-0)
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8. It is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt. It is a strong oxidizing agent that is used in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent.
The dissolution of the salt in water is an endothermic process. As an oxidizing agent and a source of radicals, APS finds many commercial applications.
Salts of sulfate are mainly used as radical initiators in the polymerization of certain alkenes. Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene.
Ammonium persulfate is a standard ingredient in hair bleach. Persulfates are used as oxidants in organic chemistry. For example, in the Minisci reaction.
Ammonium polyphosphate (CAS 68333-79-9)
Ammonium polyphosphate (CAS 68333-79-9)
Ammonium polyphosphate is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching. Its chemical formula is [NH4 PO3]n(OH)2 showing that each monomer consists of an orthophosphate radical of a phosphorus atom with three oxygens and one negative charge neutralized by an ammonium cation leaving two bonds free to polymerize. In the branched cases some monomers are missing the ammonium anion and instead link to three other monomers.
Ammonium sulphate (CAS 7783-20-2)
Ammonium sulfate (CAS 7783-20-2)
Ammonium sulfate (American English and international scientific usage; ammonium sulphate in British English); (NH4)2SO4, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfur.
The primary use of ammonium sulfate is as a fertilizer for alkaline soils. In the soil the ammonium ion is released and forms a small amount of acid, lowering the pH balance of the soil, while contributing essential nitrogen for plant growth. The main disadvantage to the use of ammonium sulfate is its low nitrogen content relative to ammonium nitrate, which elevates transportation costs.
It is also used as an agricultural spray adjuvant for water-soluble insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. There, it functions to bind iron and calcium cations that are present in both well water and plant cells. It is particularly effective as an adjuvant for 2,4-D (amine), glyphosate, and glufosinate herbicides.